Psychology Theory Of Psychology - 1637 Words

Introduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamental behaviors and feelings are powerfully affected by motives that are not controllable, but rather are unconscious motives. Previous childhood experiences also have a substantial influence on the character of one that is in adulthood, and where one’s personality is comprised of three major parts: ID, ego, and super-ego. In addition, most of the aspects of one’s personality and actions are driven by parts of the unconscious mind and at times contradict with the conscious mind, where this creates anxiety. Therefore, in the perspective of someone who is an advocate of psychodynamic psychology, human aggression would be based on motives that are unconscious, where perhaps hatred or jealousy may play an aspect in human aggression. The best and most effective method to control such aggression would be to have ego control and prevent the expression of aggression. With exclusive regards to aggression, the psychodynamic approach would thereby theorize that there is some conflict in theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology859 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout long history of psychology, there are many brilliant and remarkable psychologists who grew psychology longing as 21st century, today. They have contributed many theories, ideas, and experiments that made study of human mind and behavior much more noble and interesting. As psychology grow older and older, there are many different types of branches that were created, such as psychoanalysis, behavior, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental. Each branches have changed way society worksRead MoreThe Psychology Theory Of Psychology Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think about psychology, it is normally thought about the study of the brain, the conscious and unconscious mind. However, there are many different divisions within the psychology field that focus on specific areas that introduce different theories. One of the divisions is the theory of Behaviorism. This theory was developed by John B. Watson and B.F Skinner. The theory implies that environmental stimulus can affect someone’s behavior. This behavioral psychology focuses on how a humans orRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pages Before psychology consolidated it self as the school of thought we have come to know today, it went through a number of theoretical adjustments. Freud and Watson became pioneers of two different approaches. Psychodynamics and Behaviorism could be argued to be two of the most pivotal influences on psychology. To really grasp their value we have to understand their individual philosophical influences, founders and their theories. Both have expanded the growth of psychology as a science, but withRead MorePsychology And The Theory Of Psychology999 Words   |  4 Pages Psychology in a continuously growing tree with its roots stemming from the study of reality and knowledge known as philosophy first studied by ancient Greece (Wiley 8). It can be defined as the study of behaviours and mental processes in which behaviours are observable activities, and mental processes include all internal thoughts and emotions. Psychologists often have one (or more) of four goals in mind when they co nduct research: describing, explaining, predicting, or controlling (5-6). Read MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1819 Words   |  8 PagesHistorically psychology has tried to establish a unified approach using structuralism. Structuralism explores the structure of the human mind by analysing consciousness into component parts. Psychologists later excluded structuralism in exchange towards functionalism (Magnavita, 2005). Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind. While behaviour can be directly observed for example through actions and responses, the mind cannot directly be seen for example thoughts. Psychology trustsRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology3461 Words   |  14 Pagesopen fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.† — Charles Darwin While psychology of today follows the discipline’s rich and varied history, the origins of psychology show incomparable differences from the modern understanding of the field. From the beginning, psychology has been tested and bombarded with a tremendousRead MoreThe Theories Of Psychology And Psychology1844 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology is the study of the human mind, it is very complex and it is the source of all thoughts and behaviors. Psychologists study the cognitive, emotional, and social processes by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and their environments. They take human behavior as data for testing their theories about how the mind works and use human behavior as a clue to the workings of the mind. Everything a person does, think, feel and say is determined by the functioningRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1599 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology first started in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt who founded the first lab oratory which specialized in psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt used controlled experiments to investigate the mind by using a method called introspection which examined an individual’s mental state to gain an understanding of how our mind works. This approach became known as Structuralism, deals with the study of the conscious mind, with the idea that the conscious mind can be broken down into basicRead MorePsychology Theories And Theories Of Psychology984 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and beliefs about where psychopathology originates from, that is the beauty of psychology. We can have different views that match or mismatch-specific clients and the services they are seeking, but each approach is beneficial one way or the other. To me, psychopathology originates from our thoughts. The causes of human suffering are problematic thoughts or beliefs. Our thoughts play such an important role in our behaviors and actions. If we have a problem atic thought, thisRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology2418 Words   |  10 Pageswas prepared for Psychology 2301 taught by Dr. Anne Perucca Introduction It’s a common misconception that you need to be in a research lab or academic setting to witness elements of psychology in action. The reality is that psychological theories are used almost constantly in our daily lives. Many of these theories are, in fact, a fundamental part of our daily interactions with one’s self and with others. A great example of â€Å"everyday psychology† is demonstrated in the theory of behaviorism; from

Links To Theory Through Observation. Free Essays

EYES was established under the Childcare Act 2006 and is compulsory for all early years’ providers that have o register with Posted for children age three to the end of the academic year in which they turn five. During reflection I will also be considering some theorists and their theories on learning through play and the benefits or criticisms they imply in relation to each observation. Child A pushes a lorry around table, watching as the wheels go round. We will write a custom essay sample on Links To Theory Through Observation. or any similar topic only for you Order Now He plays alongside others without interaction. Picking up the lorry he carries it to another area of nursery and kneels on the floor, again watching as he pushes lorry around the carpet. Another child approaches so he picks up the lorry taking it to a able with other vehicles on. Holding on to the lorry he picks up a small car, looking at a child opposite he says â€Å"My lorry is big†. The child agrees with child A saying ‘Yes because lorries are bigger than cars†. Child A smiles and replies â€Å"My lorry’ is bigger†. He puts lorry on table and lines up two cars and a small bus alongside it and repeats â€Å"My lorry is bigger†. From the observation it was recognized that child A achieved several milestones for his age in conformity with the Development Matters in the FEES criteria. These include Mathematics (Shape Space and Measure) he is beginning to use the language f size, Physical Development (Moving and Handling) he squats with steadiness to rest or play with object on the ground and rises to feet without using hands, Communication and Language (Speaking and understanding) he uses language as a powerful means of widening contacts, sharing thoughts and developing understanding of simple concepts e. G. Big/little (Early Education 2012). The EYE-S categories children’s development according to age which was influenced by Paginating theory. Jean Pigged is credited with the cognitive-developmental theory that views the child â€Å"as actively constructing knowledge and cognitive development as taking place in stages† (Beer, 2000, p. 21). He introduced the term schema and its use was popularized through his work based on his four development stages, Seniority (0-errs), Pre Operational (2-6 or 7), Concrete Operational (6 or 7-11 or 12) and Formal Operational (1 1 or 12). Chris They (2007) was influenced by Piglets’ schemas and developmental stages and building on Piglets’ work she applied this theory to the observation and analysis of young children’s learning. Focusing on young children’s spontaneous play and activity she suggested that there re several ways of defining schema, although not a single one on which everyone would agree. During the observation it was identified that child A was performing some schemas in accordance to Pigged and Atheist’ schema theory. Pushing the lorry around the table exhibits a rotation schema, taking the lorry to different areas exhibits a transporting schema and lining up the vehicles exhibits a positioning schema all of which Dowling (2013) suggests are mathematical schemas. Pigged viewed children as ‘lone scientists’ who had all the cognitive mechanisms to learn independently from personal experiences and environmental aspects. He believed in the importance of children learning through exploring and finding new knowledge in many different situations without any need for teachers or more mature peers input (Nutrition, 2006). However in their response to schema-related play Bruce (1999) and Mead (1999), (in London, 2001) both highlighted the role of more mature ‘others’ in influencing children’s development. This is also posited by Level Viscosity who criticized Piglets’ lone scientist beliefs, emphasizing the need for support from families, communities and other children to extend a child’s learning in his Zone of Proximal Development (ZIP) theory (Pound, 2005). Visigoths’ ZIP has been defined as â€Å"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Viscosity, 1 978, p. 6). These theories were recognized from the observation when Child A communicated his thoughts on the size of the lorry to another child who confirmed his original schema of size but extended his level of thought by explaining lorries are bigger than cars. As the other child was more knowledgeable on size and mathematical language he was blew to provoke adaptation in child As’ original schema all owing him to assimilate and accommodate this new information also showing evidence Of Piglets developmental theory (McLeod, 2009). Although further observations or adult led activities would be required to ascertain child As’ equilibration. Upon reflection, had a teacher or LISP been present during this activity an opportunity to develop child As’ mathematical knowledge further on shape, space and language could be met by comparing vehicle sizes and modeling language for size, big, bigger, biggest. Child B points to her tights saying â€Å"Look De, blue, red, blue’ to L SP who replies â€Å"Oh yes, well done you spotted a pattern† child B smiles. â€Å"Do you think you can make a pattern? Asks LISP, child B nods following L SP to table with colored cubes and pattern cards. LISP hands child B a two colored pattern card modeling how to copy it. Child B follows card repeating pattern. LISP praises child B giving her a sticker, child B smiles examining sticker. Child B picks another two colored pattern card and copies it independently saying â€Å"l can do this one†. After praisi ng child B LISP leaves table. Child B makes a two colored pattern without card calling to L SP Look I made my own pattern†, L SP praises and rewards child B with another sticker. Child B turns to a friend saying â€Å"l got two Stickers†. As in first observation, regarding the FEES, child B is achieving several milestones within the seven areas of learning and development relevant to her age range of 40-months. She is also demonstrating characteristics of effective learning also specified in EYES these being, Playing and Exploring (engagement), finding out and exploring and being willing to ‘have a go’, Active Learning (motivation), being involved and concentrating, keeping trying enjoying achieving what they set out to do and Creating and Thinking Critically (thinking), having their own ideas, making links, choosing ways to do things. However mathematically it was notable that child B aged 53 months is above her milestone development in shape space and measure aspect of FEES as she was able to recognize, create and describe patterns, which are Early Learning Goals (LEG). Legs’ are the next developmental milestones of EYES and usually occur around age 60+ months (Education, 2012). This contrasts Piglets’ theory that children learn in stages, achieving one stage before bovine onto the next. Maria Interiors also criticized this theory as she believed in focusing On the individualized nature Of learning and recognized â€Å"all children were capable of learning but they need to work at their own pace† (Groan et al, 2011, p. 41). This was highlighted in observation as child B is developing at her own pace and achieving a higher development milestone without completing all aspects of the 40-60 math shape space and measure category of FEES. Although Interiors criticized Piglets’ development stage theory she believed, like Pigged that children learn by exploring alone and felt hat children were teaching themselves by absorbing information from their environment (Daley et al, 2006). Without intervention from the LISP child B would not have extended her knowledge or language of pattern and an opportunity would have been missed, sometimes it is therefore necessary to have the support Of an adult or more knowledgeable peer. This is supported by Burner whose scaffolding theory stated the importance of the role of a practitioner to extend children’s learning (Doherty, 2009). Scaffolding refers to assistance which â€Å"enables a child or novice to solve a problem, carry out a ask or a goal which would be beyond his unassisted efforts† (Burner, 2006 p. 199). Child B had spotted the pattern but until the LISP assisted her and pointed out she had spotted a ‘pattern’ child 8 did not have the language to describe it. How to cite Links To Theory Through Observation., Essays

Apple Price Cut free essay sample

To what extent the iPhone pricing strategy is similar to the iPod pricing strategy? How do you explain that the iPod price cut did not lead to such a level of customers’ protest? Answer: Both iPhone and iPod have experienced a large amount of price cut in their product lifecycle. In this document, we can find that iPod was launched in October 2001. Tough relatively high priced for an MP3 player, it was hugely demanded and remains popular till date though there was a price slash in 2005. Similar to the price cut of the iPod, two months after the launch of the iPhone, Apple lowered the price by 200 USD.However, regarding the price strategy, a big difference between two products is the timing of price cut. iPod adjusted its price after experiencing a 4-year success from its launch in 2001, whereas iPhone drop in price in only 2 month, which is the main explanation of why the iPod price cut did not lead to such a serious level of customers’ protest. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Price Cut or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although both price adjustments were designed for the aim to further expand in the mass market and improve the sales, we can find that the main reason for price cut of iPod is to sell more products in its declining period of product lifecycle.By contrast, the objective of price cut of iPhone is to rapidly monopoly the smart phone market in its growing period of product lifecycle, which resulted a part of Apple fans’ profits since they bought the product in a high price. 2. â€Å"Market analysts pointed out that Apple had created a strong brand and customer loyalty which it capitalized on by adopting a skimming strategy in pricing. They also felt that customers accept its highly priced products with equanimity. To go a step further, they consciously expect it to be so. What does this tell you about the value of iPhone own-price elasticity, cross-price elasticity and income elasticity? Answer: The practice of ‘price skimming’ involves charging a relatively high price for a short time where a new, innovative, or much-improved product is launched onto a market. Obviously, due to the reason that Apple had created a strong brand image by its innovation of technology and creativity of design, and loyalty of customers, particularly those Apple crazy fans, the price skimming strategy was able to work extremely well when iPhone was launched onto the market.Meanwhile, Apple’s iPhone entered the highly volatile cell phone market combining telephony, MP3, Web surfing and video watching, which completely revolutionized the tech-savvy market and was most awaited by both the technology enthusiasts and mainstream media. Therefore, the success of this strategy was largely dependent on those first adopters’ inelasticity of demand for the product either by the market as a whole. However, in the cell phone industry, where the product lifecycle is relatively short and the market is highly competitive.Before some other competing products or substitutes emerging on the market, iPhone could enjoy its high price and benefit from its â€Å"monopoly profits† in a short term where demand is relatively inelastic. Whereas in the cell phone industry, the demand from mass market is price elastic, which is the main reason that Apple needs to drop its price to increase its sales according to its mass-market strategy. In terms of cross-price elasticity, we can think about this question from two aspects: complements and substitutes.Firstly, due the reason that the demand of iPhone is price elastic in mass market, price of iPhone decrease, quantity demanded of components increases, which leads Apple to ge t a lower price of components from its supplier and further guarantee its gross margin of iPhone. In addition, the increase of sales also means the increase number of customer buying and renting apps from Apple’s online store. Secondly, considering substitutes, price of iPhone decrease, and quantity of competing products demanded decrease.Since the demand is price elastic, the lower production cost and increase revenue from Apple softer ware are able to recuperate the loss from cost cut. We can make the conclusion that regarding to the income elasticity, a decrease of price of iPhone has a positive impact on its total revenue. 3. Based on the information provided in the case would you say that the market for smartphone is closer to monopoly or to monopolistic competition? Justify. Answer: Yes, base on the information provided in the case, I regard the smartphone industry as a monopolistic competition.Monopolistic competition  is a form of imperfect competition  where many competing producers sell products that are  differentiated  from one another. Smartphone industry has following characteristics: * There are several producers like Apple, Blackberry, Nokia, Motorola etc. , and many consumers in the market, but no company can total control over the market price. * Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors products. * There are few barriers to entry and exit. Producers have a degree of control over price. 4. Is the price cut decided by Apple two months after iPhone initial launch consistent with the smartphone market structure described above? Answer: Yes, the performance of iPhone is consistent with the smartphone market structure. Firstly, the MC firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive.In this case, iPhone perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as design, style, reputation and appearance. Secondly, independent decision-making is another characteristic of monopolistic competition. The firm gives no consideration to what effect its decision may have on competitors. In other words each firm feels free to set prices as if it were a monopoly. Lastly, Apple has some degree of market power. Market power means that the firm has control over the terms and conditions of exchange. An MC firm can raise it prices without losing all its customers.The firm can also lower prices without triggering a potentially ruinous price war with competitors, which is the reason why iPhone was able to largely cut its price in two months. 5. Knowing the price cut affected negatively Apple reputation, do you believe Apple adopted an opportunistic pricing strategy initially selling the iPhone at a high price to take advantage of holiday season high spending habits and then dropping the price to stimulate market growth? Is this consistent with Apple pricing strategy in its other product lines like computers and iPod?Answer: I don’t entirely believe that iPhone lunched at a high price was due to it attempted to take the advantage of â€Å"holiday season high spending habits†. From my point of view, there are two main reasons why iPhone priced high at the beginning: Firstly, the core consumer groups of iPhone are enthusiastic fans of high-tech gadgets; and some of them are loyalty customers of Apple. These parts of people are not sensitive for iPhone’s price. What attract them are its quality, design and innovation. The first adopters’ inelasticity of demand is a good opportunity for using the price skimming strategy.Secondly, high price strategy is an effective method to build a high-end brand image. It’s much easier that a high brand image product cuts its price for promotion than a low brand image one raises it. For the tech-savvy market, the product lifecycle is short. We can often find on the market that a product of Apple or other brands cuts its price when it has been launched for a period of time. But iPhone dropped its price only 2 months after it had been introduced onto the market. This strategy is quite different from other products of Apple.For instance, iPod depreciated 2 years after it came into the market. Seeing the price of iPhone must be in line with iPod Touch, this strategy is â€Å"special† for Apple, comparing with other products. 6. â€Å"According to Apple executives the move had been planned long ago and felt that the pricing strategy was conceived in part to keep the iPhone’s pricing in line with its new iPod touch. † Explain to what extent a high-priced iPhone could be an obstacle to the success of the new iPod Touch. Based on what you know about Apple late development do you find that explanation convincing?Answer: In terms of the features of these two types of products, iPod Touch is like a simplified version of iPhone, without the function of a â€Å"phone†. This determines that the prices of these two types of products must be â€Å"in a line†, which means, for a reasonable consideration, the price of iPod Touch must be lower than iPhone but not too far away. If iPhone had not cut its price, iPod Touch must have had been priced at a higher level than the realistic one. We assume that, if iPhone 4 GB continued being sold at 499USD, iPod Touch may be sold at 400 or 450USD. As an mp3 player, it would be much more expensive than its competing brands.On the contrary, if iPhone had kept a high price level but iPod Touch had been set at a low one, the customers would have had been confused for â€Å"why a simplified version of iPhone is so much ‘cheaper’ than iPhone? â₠¬  That would have had a negative impacts on the sales of both iPhone and iPod Touch, even would have had impaired Apple’s brand image. Combining with what I know about the late development of these two types of products, I found although the price cutting had a temporary harm on customer’s trust, iPhone and iPod Touch both performed well on the market. It proved the importance of keeping the price of iPhone and iPod Touch in a line. 7. â€Å"But the sharp price cut suggested that even Apple, which has long lived in a pricing bubble insulated from other personal computer makers, is not immune from the brutal pressures of the cellular phone business. † Does this statement mean that the personal computers market is different from the cellular phone business in other words, the cellular phone market is more competitive than the personal computer market? Why? Do you share this view? Justify.Answer: From this statement, I can’t make the conclusion that the cell phone market is more competitive than the personal computer market. Apple is one of the earliest personal computer manufacturers in the world. Its personal computer products are behalf of the most advanced PC technology of the world. Especially its graphics processing technology and operating system have high reputation. Thus, Apple’s PC products long lived in a pricing bubble insulated from other personal computer makers. That means Apple has definitely strong market power on PC market. Its high price doesn’t mean there is less competition.Furthermore, the technical innovation, appearance design, and function combination of cell phone products are updating so fast. So the lifecycle of a handset product is shorter than a computer. The price cutting often occurs when a mobile phone has come onto market for a period of time. The objective usually is for making price room for a new generation of product, which isn’t caused by competing activities. In conclusion, I don’t share this view. 8. â€Å"Keeping in mind Apple’s range of high priced products which gives it an â€Å"aura† of exclusivity, was Jobs decision to reduce the price a right one? With a 50% gross margin, Apple is setting itself up for aggressive price declines going forward†. Do you believe that Apple move is a sign that it is ready to enter a price war? Would this mean that Apple is leaving the niche market position it held for decades to go after mass market? What would be the pros and cons of that strategy? Do you believe it? Answer: The characteristics of Apple’s products are novel design, fashionable appearance and the combination of music, game, music, web surfing and other functions.It determines the positioning of iPhone must be high, and the main target consumer group is high income, music ; digital amateurs. This segment of consumer has low sensitive for price. Pure price war will not yield more market shares for iPhone. So, the price cutting strategy doesn’t mean Apple is ready for the price war. The product’s features determine Apple’s niche market strategy. But a cell phone product innovates relatively faster than other cargos. When a product successfully attracted some first adopters, how to sell them to more followers should be the core problem.Cutting the price and going in to the mass market is a universal method. Apple also adopted this strategy on iPhone. Pros of going to mass market: * iPhone can attract more followers. Some of them are sensitive to the price, their demands are elastic. Before the price cutting and entry of the mass market, some of the non-owners didn’t buy it just because of the high price. * iPhone can expand its market share quicker, and establish the competitive barriers. Its market power will be stronger. * The expanded customers would have had bought more online products, which would have had a big growth of income. By this strategy, iPhone can consolidate their customer-friendly brand image, and increase the loyalty of the customers. * The cooperation with AT;T can get a synergy between these two brands, and can receive a sum of bonus revenue from the carrier. Cons of going to mass market: * It made the brand image be lower than before. * Decreased the gross margin of iPhone. * Hurt some die-hards’ loyalty. * Increased the degree of monopoly, made the competition imperfect, and harmed the balance of the benign competition with its rivals.But a cellular phone product such as iPhone goes into the mass market is usually a temporary strategy when the product comes into the mature or declining period in its lifecycle, or when the company wants to make some price room for a new product. Apple cut iPhone’s price was just for keeping the iPhone’s price being in a line with iPod Touch’s. It didn’t mean Apple changed its main branding strategy to go into the mass market. For that time, I assume that it was a reasonable strategy for Apple to cut iPhone’s price.